of a speeding ticket. When defining police corruption there are also broader notions. For instance, corruption can stretch to gratuities, minor rewards or small kickbacks, and if a public official accepts money or another privilege for acting out their occupational duties (McMullan, 1961: 183–4). Kleinig (1996: 166) expands the definition of police corruption even 17 Definitions and typologies of police corruption further to include abusing authority to progress private or departmental advantage. For instance, an official or police officer may falsify
. Rely on family and friends Research on correctional telecommunication service providers suggests that kickbacks shared with facilities through negotiated contracts amplify costs for loved ones and those incarcerated. Collect calls typically pose a higher cost-per-minute than prepaid calls. However, prepaid options often require access to the Internet or credit cards, both of which may not be accessible for economically disadvantaged loved ones. Adding money to inmate accounts for prepaid call rates poses significant fees for those who must wire money. To add
benefit both parties. Bribes can originate within licit and illicit markets, or at the intersections of these within ‘grey’ markets, such as when those engaging in criminal enterprise seek to divert the proceeds of their crimes into the legitimate financial system. The scale and scope of bribes can vary. They can take myriad forms, from monetary payments (potentially billions, as in cases of corporate bribery, or small-scale cash payments, ‘kickbacks’ or donations) or exchanges of value (eg including shopping trips, tickets for sporting events, attendance at
the early 1930s is also linked to a series of turf wars and the cementing of the five-family structure. The end of Prohibition led many syndicates to diversify into racketeering and the control of labour unions, including longshoremen and teamsters, particularly of membership dues and kickbacks for the awarding of contracts, and later pension funds. The links between organised crime and police corruption also continued through the 20th century, as exposures involving the New York Police Department and other police departments demonstrated (Repetto, 2004
, kickbacks and bribery. The campaign led to the development of the Extractive Industr ies Transparency Initiative (EITI), an approach to transparency with a set of international standards that governments could subscribe to and put into effect in their countries. EITI is classified not as a social audit but as a ‘multi- stakeholder initiative’. The project established committees that bring together people from government, the industry and civil society organisations (CSOs) to oversee the collection, auditing and publication of information. The governments of host
for personal gain and involves some form of material benefit for performing a duty or turning a blind eye. The main activities of police corruption are provided in older typologies, and generally include corruption of authority, kickbacks and more severe forms such as adding or planting evidence (which usually includes narcotics) (Roebuck and Barker, 1974: 435–6; Carter, 1990: 92). Integrity violations can broaden disreputable conduct beyond the scope of corrupt behaviour, such as misusing information, discrimination, recreational activities and crime in
, and most obviously, are the kickbacks, by which managers and other members of the ruling elite divert the resources of the enterprise to others in exchange for private gains for them selves. Second, and perhaps more importantly, are the payments that members of the bureaucracy receive in exchange for making appointments. As Winiecki rightly emphasizes, the expected losses of rent by people in power is the major obstacle to reform. When an enterprise is privatized, the bu reaucrats lose their powers of appointment, and the people running the enter prise, even
simplistic assertions of secularity risk violent kickbacks from religious-based terrorism such as the incident at the offices of Charlie Hebdo. At the same time, accepting that religion and belief persist does only half the job; realising that religion and the secular are not two sides of a battle is the rest. From law to talk As Lucy Vickers, Lori Beaman and Mark Brett show, law is one of the public spheres in which religion and belief most prominently meet these binary secular assumptions. From a UK context, Vickers explores the possibilities of the principle of
in higher and lower red tape states have illustrated that there is no solid evidence to suggest that the hypothesis of necessary corruption to grease the wheels is beneficial for economic growth. Corruption actually negatively impacts on economic growth due to a deterioration of governance. Despite the social practices of corruption that may become engrained in daily interactions, corruption undoubtedly undermines functions of governance. Broader practices such as nepotism, kickbacks and favouritism have diverse moral bases, and thus the broader definitions
, the reality of prisons these days is that one cannot really talk about a system that is either public or private. We in fact have a hybrid system where selective aspects of the prison are contracted out to the private sector. Contracting One means through which prisons have tried to increase their revenues is by contracting with companies (for example, phone companies) that provide services to prisoners for a fee, but then charge above market rates and give the correctional facility a percentage of their income (that is, a kickback). Others seek out private
