107 FIVE Responses, recognition and reciprocity The introduction of ‘child sexual exploitation’ to social care policy and practice has ensured that the issue is now a safeguarding priority and a child protection concern. While preventative measures focus on reducing risks and educating children and young people about ‘healthy relationships’ and matters of consent, responses to young people caught up in sexual exploitation can include intensive support work or, at the sharp end, removing them to foster care or secure residential units for their protection
129 EIGHT Reciprocity in intergenerational relationships in stepfamilies Lawrence H. Ganong and Marilyn Coleman Introduction The rising costs of healthcare and other social welfare programmes and the efforts of the federal, state and local governments to reduce services that are provided by governmental agencies have increased the importance of distinguishing personal and familial responsibilities from public (that is, governmental) obligations to dependent individuals. Societal debates about collective, familial and individual responsibility for dependent
165 THIRTEEN Reciprocity and mutuality: people with learning disabilities as carers Nicki Ward Introduction In the introduction to this collection we posed the question ‘why now?’ in relation to the salience of exploring and developing the feminist ethic of care. This chapter, while focused on carers who have a learning disability, is in many ways representative of wider demographic and policy shifts that have marked the delivery of social care in Western society since the 1980s. Improved healthcare means that families are living longer and are ageing
welfare recipients are at least partly generated within the norms of reciprocity, with those failing to reciprocate potentially bearing significant social costs as a result, and that this is strongly tied into questions of deservingness. It is in this grasping for deservingness and legitimacy that the tactic of discrediting other recipients, as a way of preserving one’s own identity, is forged. Closely linked to this is the emotion of shame, which may be said to be socially constructed and co-produced by being a combination of negative self-assessment made in light of
77 FIVE Housing wealth and family reciprocity in East Asia Misa Izuhara Introduction There has long been debate about whether East Asia has a welfare model distinct from Western or Anglo-Saxon welfare states (see for example Goodman et al, 1998; Walker and Wong, 2005; Takegawa and Lee, 2006). While welfare provision shapes societies in particular ways, it is also often shaped by existing power structures and cultural norms. The balance of state, family and market responsibilities differ in each society, however, and small states and the significant role
A spider chart with a world map at its core and a single axis, which is numbered 4. The endpoint of the axis has an icon of a person giving a something to another person. There is an interdependence between people’s agency ‘to do and be’ and the societal, culture and structural institutions that mediate their lives (see Chapter 7 ). An anthropological view of humanity illuminates how survival and flourishing are generated through three functions: distribution/production (the market economy); redistribution (the state); and reciprocity (society
should begin by questioning the failure of conventional economics to recognise that commerce cannot function without a sub-strata of unpaid care provided by families, neighbourhoods and communities. This sub-strata has been described as the ‘core economy’ and it runs on self-organised, decentralised, reciprocal mediums of exchange. The chapter will show how a mix of money and reciprocity might raise the value of collective action and go on to look at ways in which the relationship between the state and the community could change to strengthen the core economy and
’s support behaviours towards parents include but are not limited to emotional, practical and financial support ( Lye, 1996 ; Lin and Yi, 2012 ). Researchers have analysed adult children’s motivations for parental support via filial obligation, filial piety, reciprocity and parent-child relationship quality ( Lam, 2006 ; Silverstein et al, 2006b ; Gans et al, 2009 ; Klaus, 2009 ; Swartz, 2009 ; Corso and Lanz, 2013 ). Filial obligation and filial piety are similar, given that they both are internalised norms about support towards parents ( Klaus, 2009 ; Lin and Yi
149 NINE New patterns of family reciprocity? Policy challenges in ageing societies Misa Izuhara Are new patterns of family reciprocity emerging? The chapters in this volume investigated various trends in relation to changing patterns and functions of intergenerational relationships. Returning to one of the key questions posed in the introduction to this volume – ‘whether new forms or patterns of family reciprocity are emerging’ – this concluding chapter first summarises what we have learned from the previous chapters. What evidence did we find regarding
187 FOURTEEN Reciprocity, lone parents and state subsidy for informal childcare Christine Skinner and Naomi Finch Introduction The Labour government in the UK aims to increase the lone parent employment rate to 70% by 2010. To help achieve this aim, a state subsidy for childcare through Tax Credits has been introduced. However, the subsidy has been restricted to formal childcare, despite evidence that the majority of lone parents use informal care, are more likely to rely solely on this form of care than couple families, and that deficiencies in formal childcare
