The social relationships of three generations identified as disabled in childhood

Authors:
Samantha Parsons University College London, UK

Search for other papers by Samantha Parsons in
Current site
Google Scholar Close
and
Lucinda Platt London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

Search for other papers by Lucinda Platt in
Current site
Google Scholar Close
Article Category:
Research Article
Copyright:
© Authors 2020
Online Publication Date:
01 Aug 2020
Pages:
519–550
Publisher:
Bristol University Press
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1332/175795920X15955998470689
Restricted access
Get eTOC alerts
Rights and permissions Cite this article
Buy article/chapter (
GBP  £25.00
)

Social isolation and loneliness have received substantial attention for their impacts on well-being and mortality. Both social isolation and loneliness can be experienced by anyone across the life course, but some are more vulnerable than others. One risk factor for poorer social outcomes is disability. We draw on data from three longitudinal studies, the National Child Development Study (Great Britain), Next Steps (England) and the Millennium Cohort Study (UK) to compare social relationships across three generations, born between 1958 and 2000/02 in countries of the UK. We examine social relationships at different life stages and how they differ between those who were and were not identified as disabled when they were teenagers. Adjusting for family background and educational attainment, which are associated with both disability and poorer social outcomes, we identify the long-term consequences of childhood disability for risks of social isolation among the older cohort. For the younger cohorts, we evaluate early indications of such patterns. We find substantially smaller intimate and friendship networks, and lower perceived social support among 50-year-olds who were disabled in childhood. Today’s disabled youth and teenagers also experience greater social isolation and risks of loneliness than their non-disabled contemporaries.

  • Aiden, H. and McCarthy, A. (2014) Current Attitudes Towards Disabled People, London: Scope.

  • Allison, P.D. (2001) Missing Data: Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Vol 136, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Altman, B.M. (2014) Definitions, concepts, and measures of disability, Annals of Epidemiology, 24(1): 2–7. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.05.018

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Anderson, P. and Kitchin, R. (2000) Disability, space and sexuality: access to family planning services, Social Science & Medicine, 51(8): 1163–73.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Avramadis, E. (2013) Self-concept, social position and social participation of pupils with SEN in mainstream primary schools, Research Papers in Education, 28(4): 421–42. doi: 10.1080/02671522.2012.673006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Barnes, C. and Mercer, G. (2005) The Social Model of Disability: Europe and the Majority World, Leeds: Disability Press.

  • Beaumont, J. (2013) Measuring national well-being – older people and loneliness, London: Office for National Statistics, Available at: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/measuring-national-wellbeing-older-people-and-loneliness-2013

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beresford, B. and Rhodes, D. (2008) Housing and Disabled Children, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/housing-and-disabled-children

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Berkman, L.F. (2000) Social support, social networks, social cohesion and health, Social Work in Health Care, 31(2): 3–14. doi: 10.1300/J010v31n02_02

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Berkman, L.F. and Syme, S.L. (1979) Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents, American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(2): 186–204. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Berkman, L.F., Glass, T., Brissette, I. and Seeman, T.E. (2000) From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium, Social Science & Medicine, 51(6): 843–57.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • BIS (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills) (2009) Digital Britain: Final report, Cm 7650, London: TSO.

  • Breen, R., Karlson, K.B. and Holm, A. (2018) Interpreting and understanding logits, probits, and other nonlinear probability models, Annual Review of Sociology, 44(1): 39–54. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041429

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Burchardt, T. (2005) The Education and Employment of Disabled Young People: Frustrated Ambition, Bristol: Policy Press.

  • Burholt, V., Windle, G. and Morgan, D.J. (2017) A social model of loneliness: The roles of disability, social resources, and cognitive impairment, The Gerontologist, 57(6): 1020–30.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cacioppo, J.T. and Patrick, W. (2008) Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection, New York: W.W. Norton.

  • Calderwood, L., Smith, K., Gilbert, E., Rainsberry, M., Knibbs, S. and Burston, K. (2015) Securing participation and getting accurate answers from teenage children in surveys: Lessons from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, Social Research Practice, 1(1): 27–32.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chatzitheochari, S. and Platt, L. (2019) Disability differentials in educational attainment in England: primary and secondary effects, British Journal of Sociology, 70(2): 502–25. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12372

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Chatzitheochari, S., Parsons, S. and Platt, L. (2016) Doubly disadvantaged? Bullying experiences among disabled children and young people in England, Sociology, 50(4): 695–713. doi: 10.1177/0038038515574813

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Children and Families Act (2014) Chapter 6, part 3: Children and young people in England with special educational needs or disabilities, Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/6/pdfs/ukpga_20140006_en.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Clarke, H. and McKay, S. (2008) Exploring Disability, Family Formation and Break-up: Reviewing the Evidence, Department for Work and Pensions Research Report No. 514, London: DWP.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Skoner, D.P., Rabin, B.S. and Gwaltney, J.M. Jr (1997) Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold, Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(24): 1940–4. doi: 10.1001/jama.1997.03540480040036

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Connelly, R. (2013) Millennium Cohort Study Data Note 2013/1: Interpreting Test Scores, London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

  • Cornwell, E.Y. and Waite, L.J. (2009) Measuring social isolation among older adults using multiple indicators from the NSHAP Study, Journals of Gerontology Series B, 64B(Suppl. 1): i38–i46.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cotterell, N., Buffel, T. and Phillipson, C. (2018) Preventing social isolation in older people, Maturitas, 113: 80–4. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.04.014

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Crawford, A. and Manassis, K. (2011) Anxiety, social skills, friendship quality, and peer victimization: an integrated model, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7): 924–31. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DDCMS (Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport) (2018) A Connected Society: A Strategy for Tackling Loneliness – Laying the Foundations for Change, London: DDCMS.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • De Jong Gierveld, J. and Van Tilburg, T.G. (2006) A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: confirmatory tests on survey data, Research on Aging, 28(5): 582–98. doi: 10.1177/0164027506289723

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • De Jong Gierveld, J. and Van Tilburg, T. (2010) The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys, European Journal of Ageing, 7(2): 121–30. doi: 10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • De Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. and Dykstra, P.A. (2006) Loneliness and social isolation, in A.L. Vangelisti and D. Perlman (eds), Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 485–500.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Demos (2004) Disablism: How to Tackle the Last Prejudice, London: Demos.

  • Demos (2006) Disablist Britain: Barriers to Independent Living for Disabled People in 2006, London: Demos.

  • DfE and DH (Department for Education and Department of Health) (2015) Special educational needs and disability code of practice: 0 to 25 years – statutory guidance for organisations which work with and support children and young people who have special educational needs or disabilities, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/send-code-of-practice-0-to-25

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • DiTommaso, E. and Spinner, B. (1993) The development and initial validation of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA), Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1): 127–34. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dixon, S., Smith, C. and Touchet, A. (2018) The Disability Perception Gap: Policy Report, London: Scope.

  • Durcan, D. and Bell, R. (2015) Local Action On Health Inequalities: Reducing Social Isolation Across the Lifecourse, London: Public Health England and UCL Institute of Health Equality.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dykstra, P.A. (2009) Older adult loneliness: myths and realities, European Journal of Ageing, 6(2): 91–100. doi: 10.1007/s10433-009-0110-3

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • EHRC (Equality and Human Rights Commission) (2017) Being disabled in Britain: A journey less equal, London: EHRC, Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/being-disabled-britain-journey-less-equal

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Elliott, C. (1996) BAS II Administration and Scoring Manual, London: Nelson.

  • Elliott, C., Smith, P. and McCulloch, K. (1997) British Ability Scales, 2nd edn, London: Nelson.

  • Emerson, E., Blacher, J., Einfeld, S., Hatton, C., Robertson, J. and Stancliffe, R.J. (2014) Environmental risk factors associated with the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12): 3508–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.039

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Eng, P.M., Rimm, E.B., Fitzmaurice, G. and Kawachi, I. (2002) Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men, American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(8): 700–9. doi: 10.1093/aje/155.8.700

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Erickson, G.A. and Macmillan, R. (2018) Disability and the transition to early adulthood: a life course contingency perspective, Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 9(2): 188–211. doi: 10.14301/llcs.v9i2.335

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Gardiner, L. and Gaffney, D. (2016) Retention Deficit: A New Approach to Boosting Employment for People With Health Problems and Disabilities, London: Resolution Foundation, Available at: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/retention-deficit/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Greenfield, T.K., Rehm, J. and Rogers, J.D. (2002) Effects of depression and social integration on the relationship between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality, Addiction, 97(1): 29–38. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00065.x

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Griffiths, H. (2017) Social isolation and loneliness in the UK, with a focus on the use of technology to tackle these conditions, Available at: https://iotuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Social-Isolation-and-Loneliness-Landscape-UK.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Harris, J. and Lord, C. (2016) Mental health of children with vision impairment at 11 years of age, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(7): 774–9. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13032

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Heinrich, L.M. and Gullone, E. (2006) The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review, Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6): 695–718. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hodges, E.V., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F. and Bukowski, W.M. (1999) The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization, Developmental Psychology, 35(1): 94–101. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B. and Layton, J.B. (2010) Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review, PLOS Med, 7(7): e1000316, Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Baker, M., Harris, T. and Stephenson, D. (2015) Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2): 227–37. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hughes, M.E., Waite, L.J., Hawkley, L.C. and Cacioppo, J.T. (2004) A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies, Research on Aging, 26(6): 655–72. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hutchinson, J. (2017) How Many Children Have SEND?, London: Education Policy Institute.

  • IPPR (2007) Disability 2020: Opportunities for the full and equal citizenship of disabled people in 2020, Available at: https://www.ippr.org/publications/disability-2020opportunities-for-the-full-and-equal-citizenship-of-disabled-people-in-britain-in-2020

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • James, O. (2008) The Selfish Capitalist: The Origins Of Affluenza, London: Vermilion.

  • Janus, A.L. (2009) Disability and transition to adulthood, Social Forces, 88(1): 99–120. doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0248

  • Jenkins, S.P. and Rigg, J.A. (2004) Disability and disadvantage: Selection, onset, and duration effects, Journal of Social Policy, 33(3): 479–501. doi: 10.1017/S0047279404007780

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jo Cox Commission on Loneliness (2017) Combating loneliness one conversation at a time: A call to action, Available at: https://www.jocoxfoundation.org/loneliness_commission

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, M.K. (2008) Disability and the labour market: A review of the empirical evidence, Journal of Economic Studies, 35(5): 405–24. doi: 10.1108/01443580810903554

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Jones, M.K., Davies, R. and Drinkwater, S. (2018) The dynamics of disability and work in in Britain, The Manchester School, 86(3): 279–307. doi: 10.1111/manc.12177

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kroenke, C.H., Kubzansky, L.D., Schernhammer, E.S., Holmes, M.D. and Kawachi, I. (2006) Social networks, social support, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(7): 1105–11. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.2846

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Laxton, C. and Goldsworthy, A. (2008) Up close and personal: A report into disabled and non-disabled people’s attitudes and experiences of relationships in the UK, London: Leonard Cheshire Disability.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Little, R.J.A. and Rubin, D.B. (2002) Statistical Analysis With Missing Data, 2nd edn, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

  • Longhi, S., Nicoletti, C. and Platt, L. (2012) Interpreting wage gaps of disabled men: The roles of productivity and of discrimination, Southern Economic Journal, 78(3): 931–53. doi: 10.4284/0038-4038-78.3.931

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loprest, P. and Maag, E. (2007) The relationship between early disability onset and education and employment, Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 26(1): 49–62.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lund, R., Nilsson, C.J. and Avlund, K. (2010) Can the higher risk of disability onset among older people who live alone be alleviated by strong social relations? A longitudinal study of non-disabled men and women, Age and Ageing, 39(3): 319–26. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afq020

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Marmot, M. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of Health Inequalities – the Marmot Review, n.p.: The Marmot Review.

  • Maroto, M., Pettinicchio, D. and Patterson, A.C. (2019) Hierarchies of categorical disadvantage: Economic insecurity at the intersection of disability, gender, and race, Gender & Society, 33(1): 64–93. doi: 10.1177/0891243218794648

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mood, C. (2010) Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it, European Sociological Review, 26(1): 67–82. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcp006

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Nicolaisen, M. and Thorsen, K. (2014) Who are lonely? Loneliness in different age groups (18 to 81 years old), using two measures of loneliness, The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(3): 229–57. doi: 10.2190/AG.78.3.b

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Norwich, B. (2019) From the Warnock Report (1978) to an education framework commission: A novel contemporary approach to educational policy making for pupils with special educational needs/disabilities, Frontiers in Education, 4, Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00072 doi: 10.3389/feduc.2019.00072

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2015) Life opportunities survey, wave three, final report, October 2012 to September 2014, Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/los/life-opportunities-survey/wave-three--final-report--october-2012-to-september-2014/index.html

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2018a) Loneliness: what characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely? Analysis of characteristics and circumstances associated with loneliness in England using the Community Life Survey, 2016 to 2017, Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/lonelinesswhatcharacteristicsandcircumstancesareassociatedwithfeelinglonely/2018-04-10

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2018b) Internet users, UK: 2018 – internet use in the UK annual estimates by age, sex, disability and geographical location, Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/itandinternetindustry/bulletins/internetusers/2018

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2019) Measuring national well-being in the UK: International comparisons, 2019, Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/measuringnationalwellbeing/internationalcomparisons2019

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pantell, M., Rehkopf, D., Jutte, D., Syme, S.L., Balmes, J. and Adler, N. (2012) Social isolation: A predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors, American Journal of Public Health, 103(11): 2056–62. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301261

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parliament Select Committee (2018) Online abuse and the experience of disabled people: Draft recommendations for consultation, Available at: https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/petitions-committee/inquiries/parliament-2017/online-abuse-17-19/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parnell, R. and Bush, M. (2009) Unequal Citizenship: the Personal is Political! Disablism Audit Series, London: Scope.

  • Parsons, S. (2012) National Child Development Study: Warnock Study of Handicapped School Leavers (1976), A Guide to the Data, London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Available at: https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ncds_warnock.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Parsons, S. and Platt, L. (2013) Millennium Cohort Study: Disability Among Young Children: Prevalence, Heterogeneity and Socio-Economic Disadvantage, Centre for Longitudinal Studies Working Paper 2013/11, London: CLS.

  • Parsons, S. and Platt, L. (2017) The early academic progress of children with special educational needs, British Educational Research Journal, 43(3): 466–85. doi: 10.1002/berj.3276

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Perissinotto, C.M., Stijacic Cenzer, I. and Covinsky, K.E. (2012) Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death, Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(14): 1078–83. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pijl, S.J. and Frostad, P. (2010) Peer acceptance and self-concept of students with disabilities in regular education, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 25(1): 93–105. doi: 10.1080/08856250903450947

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Pitzele, S.K. (1995) Chronic illness, disability and sexuality in people older than fifty, Sexuality and Disability, 13(4): 309–25. doi: 10.1007/BF02592494

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Plewis, I. (ed.) (2007) Millennium Cohort Study First Survey: Technical Report On Sampling, 4th edn, London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Powell, A. (2020) People With Disabilities in Employment, House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper No. 7540, London: House of Commons Library.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Powell, J.J.W. (2003) Constructing disability and social inequality early in the life-course: The case of special education in Germany and the United States, Disability Studies Quarterly, 23(2): 57–75. doi: 10.18061/dsq.v23i2.414

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Powell, J.J.W. (2006) Special education and the risk of becoming less educated, European Societies, 8(4): 577–99. doi: 10.1080/14616690601002673

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Power, C. and Elliott, J. (2006) Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study), International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1): 34–41. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyi183

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Priestley, M. (ed.) (2001) Disability and the Life-Course: Global Perspectives, Cambridge: Polity Press.

  • Pyer, M. and Bush, M. (2009) Disabled Families in Flux: Removing Barriers to Family Life, London: Scope.

  • Qualter, P., Brown, S.L., Rotenberg, K.J., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R.A., Goossens, L., Bangee, M. and Munn, P. (2013) Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes, Journal of Adolescence, 36(6): 1283–93. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.01.005

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Rose, D. and Pevalin, D.J. (eds) (2003) A Researcher’s Guide to the National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification, London: Sage.

  • Rose, D., Pevalin, D.J. and O’Reilly, K. (2005) The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification: Origins, Development and Use, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ruijs, N.M. and Peetsma, T.D. (2009) Effects of inclusion on students with and without special educational needs reviewed, Educational Research Review, 4(2): 67–79. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2009.02.002

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Russell, D., Peplau, L.A. and Ferguson, M.L. (1978) Developing a measure of loneliness, Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3): 290–4. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Schafer, J.L. (1997) Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data, London: Chapman and Hall.

  • SENSE (2015) A Right to Friendship? Challenging the Barriers to Friendship for People With Disabilities, London: SENSE.

  • Singleton, P. (2012) Insult to injury disability, earnings, and divorce, Journal of Human Resources, 47(4): 972–90. doi: 10.1353/jhr.2012.0035

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. and Wardle, J. (2013) Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women, PNAS, 110(15): 5797–801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Tomlinson, S. (2017) A Sociology of Special and Inclusive Education: Exploring the Manufacture of Inability, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • UNICEF (2013) The State of the World’s Children 2013: Children With Disabilities, New York: UNICEF.

  • University College London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2018) Next steps: Sweeps 1–8, 2004–2016 [data collection], 14th edn, UK Data Service, SN: 5545, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5545-6

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2012a) National child development study: Sweep 8, 2008–2009 [data collection], 3rd edn, UK Data Service, SN: 6137, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6137-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2014) National child development study: childhood data, sweeps 0–3, 1958–1974 [data collection], 3rd edn, National Birthday Trust Fund, National Children’s Bureau [original data producers], SN: 5565, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5565-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2017a) Millennium Cohort Study: First survey, 2001–2003 [data collection], 12th edn, UK Data Service, SN: 4683, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4683-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2017b) Millennium Cohort Study: Third survey, 2006 [data collection], 7th edn, UK Data Service, SN: 5795, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-5795-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2017c) Millennium Cohort Study: Fifth survey, 2012 [data collection], 4th edn, UK Data Service, SN: 7464, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7464-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2019) Millennium Cohort Study: Sixth survey, 2015 [data collection], 4th edn, UK Data Service, SN: 8156, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8156-4

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • University of London, Institute of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies, National Birthday Trust Fund and National Children’s Bureau (2012b) Warnock Study of Handicapped School Leavers, 1976 [data collection], 2nd edn, UK Data Service, SN: 2024, Available at: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-2024-2

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Valtorta, N.K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S. and Hanratty, B. (2016) Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies, Heart, 102(13): 1009–16. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Walker, A. (1982) Unqualified and Underemployed – Handicapped Young People and the Labour Market, London: Macmillan.

  • Warnock Report (1978) Special Educational Needs: Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People, Cmnd. 7212, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, L.M. (2003) Young Disabled People: A Survey of the Views and Experiences of Young Disabled People in Great Britain, London: Disability Rights Commission.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wilson, R.S., Krueger, K.R., Arnold, S.E., Schneider, J.A., Kelly, J.F., Barnes, L.L., Tang, Y. and Bennett, D.A. (2007) Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease, Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2): 234–40. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Samantha Parsons University College London, UK

Search for other papers by Samantha Parsons in
Current site
Google Scholar Close
and
Lucinda Platt London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

Search for other papers by Lucinda Platt in
Current site
Google Scholar Close

sam.parsons@ucl.ac.uk
l.platt@lse.ac.uk

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 881 543 26
Full Text Views 46 3 0
PDF Downloads 59 6 0

Altmetrics

Dimensions

Cover Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
Longitudinal and Life Course Studies
An international journal